Frequently Asked Questions - Gynecology

Click on a Question.

Feel free to bring you questions to your doctor.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age, affecting up to 10% of the population. PCOS is one of the leading causes of female infertility and is associated with long-term health risks of heart disease and diabetes. Three features of PCOS are 1) enlarged ovaries containing multiple, small cysts; 2) excess androgens (male hormone); and 3) chronic amenorrhea (missed periods).

What is a Colposcopy?

What is Endometriosis?

What are Fibroids?

What are Fibrocystic Breast Changes?

What is Menorrhagia?

What is Hormone Replacement Therapy?

What is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?

What is a Laparoscopy?

What is a Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)?

What is Menopause?

Why should I perform a monthly breast exam?

What is Osteoporosis?

What is a PAP Test?

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?

What is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?

What are Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

What are Thyroid Disorders?

What are Vaginal Infections?

Symptoms of PCOS
	Hirsutism (excess body and/or facial hair), particularly on the chin, upper lip, breasts, inner thighs and abdomen Irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation - along with irregular or no periods. Women with PCOS may have oligomenorrhea (8 or fewer periods a year), amenorrhea (absence of periods), or polymenorrhea (too frequent periods) Obesity Acne and/or oily skin (particularly severe acne as a teenager or acne that persists into adulthood Infertility Ovarian cysts Insulin resistance Hair loss or balding Acanthosis nigricans (darkening of the skin, usually on the neck - is also a sign of insulin problems) Skin tags - small pieces of excess skin in armpit and neck area

The specific symptoms may have varying combinations, depending on the woman's genetic makeup.

Enlarged ovaries containing many small cysts, which are the result of incomplete ovulation, often accompany PCOS. During the normal ovulatory process, the egg matures in an ovarian follicle which then ruptures and releases the egg. In women with PCOS, high levels of androgens ("male hormones") stop the egg's development, leaving an enlarged follicle containing a dead egg. These cysts often look like a string of pearls on ultrasound. Not all women with cysts have PCOS, not all women with PCOS have cysts.

The most visible symptoms of PCOS stem from excessive levels of androgens, such as testosterone. In women, androgens are produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands and fat cells. Androgens are often thought of as "male hormones" but in reality they are present in both males and females, with men having higher levels. In men, androgens are responsible for male traits and reproductive function. Androgens include testosterone, DHT (dihydrotestosterone) and estradiol. In women, excessive androgen levels are responsible for such symptoms as hirsutism and acne. In more severe cases, "virilization" may occur, including an enlarged clitoris, balding at the temples, a deepening voice and muscle growth.

Diagnosis
PCOS is a diagnosis of exclusion, other possible causes of irregular periods or hyperandrogenism must be ruled out. The diagnosis is made through a careful history of symptoms along with physical findings, blood work and ultrasound testing. Blood tests which may be performed to aid in the diagnosis include:
	Thyroid hormone (low thyroid symptoms are similar to PCOS) Prolactin level (high levels may have symptoms similar to PCOS) Androgen levels - including DHEAS and testosterone high levels are associated with PCOS and cause the "male-like" symptoms FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) levels - a high ratio of LH to FSH is characteristic of PCOS. FSH promotes the development of egg-containing follicles in the ovaries. LH stimulates ovulation and encourages the empty follicle to revert to glandular tissue Ultrasound may be performed to look for the characteristic pictures of multiple cysts The woman may also be tested for other conditions that are strongly linked to PCOS (such as Type II Diabetes, high blood pressure, and elevated lipids - cholesterol and triglycerides)

Cause While the imbalances that cause the symptoms are becoming better understood, the trigger for PCOS is unknown although genetics are suspected to play a role. One study has shown a possible connection between a gene that helps the body use insulin and PCOS. Other studies have shown that excess insulin production stimulated the production of testosterone and leads to insulin resistance, which is a precursor to Type II diabetes. Insulin also inhibits the production of a hormone that absorbs testosterone.

Treatment There is no cure for PCOS. The treatment of PCOS is generally symptomatic and centers on life-style modifications and medication. PCOS is strongly linked to obesity and insulin resistance (a precursor to Type II Diabetes). For women with PCOS who are obese, a treatment program that incorporates a diet and exercise program is desirable. About 1/2 of the women who have PCOS and are obese have insulin resistance or Type II Diabetes.

To treat irregular or infrequent periods, oral contraceptives may be prescribed to regulate the periods. If the woman is unable to tolerate or is reluctant to take oral contraceptives, she should take progestin periodically to induce a period - four periods a year are desirable to reduce the risk of endometrial (the lining of the uterus) cancer.

Spironolactone, a diuretic, may be prescribed for symptoms from the overproduction of androgens - hirsutism, acne and oily skin. Electrolysis or laser procedures can remove unwanted hair permanently.

A steroid such as dexamethasone may be prescribed in very low doses if the primary source of excess androgens seems to be the adrenal glands (as evidenced by high levels of DHEAS).

For infertility, the first line treatments are metformin and clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene).

Hyperinsulinism appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Elevated insulin levels may increase the luteinizing hormone which in turn stimulates ovarian androgen secretion. Recently the insulin-sensitizing drug metformin (Glucophage) has been found to have beneficial effects on periods and the infertility associated with PCOS.

Although the insulin resistance of PCOS is independent of body mass, the hyperinsulinemia may be aggravated by obesity so weight loss is beneficial in obese women.